Which type of power is characterized by threats or punishment for non-compliance?

Coercive power is characterized by the ability to influence others through the use of threats or punishment for non-compliance. This power relies on fear of negative consequences, such as demotion, loss of privileges, or other forms of discipline, which compels individuals to comply with demands or directives. In a marketing context, coercive power might come into play in situations involving negotiations or conflicts where one party believes they have the authority to impose consequences on the other.

The other types of power do not focus on threats or punishment. Information power is derived from possessing valuable knowledge that others may need. Legitimate power is based on an individual's formal position or role within an organization, which grants them the right to make decisions. Referent power arises from personal relationships, admiration, or respect individuals may have for someone, motivating others to comply out of loyalty. Understanding these distinctions clarifies why coercive power is uniquely defined by its reliance on fear of punishment.